Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics - Essay Example Else, it will have to have an error of (+ or -) $10 with a reduced confidence level of only 67%. This shows that the estimate that could be obtained within the existing budget is not be sufficient to prepare accurate revenue forecasts. For fairly accurate revenue forecasts, accuracy in the survey of $10 error and a confidence level of 95% can be considered as adequate. For this, a minimum of 9,600 cardholders would have to be sampled. Therefore it is recommended to increase the budget to $48,000 that would give the above confidence level and error. If this is not feasible, refer to the below table which lists all other possible ways forward.The next best alternative would be to upgrade the budget by $5,000 and gain a survey result with an error of (+ or -) $15 and a confidence level of 90%. If the confidence level expected is 98%, 98% of the distribution must lie between Z=–2.3263 and Z=+ 2.3263 of the standard normal curve. (From the table Percentage points of the normal distribution. for p = 0.01, z=2.3263) p=

Marketing Plan Topic Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan Topic Essay Marketing Plan Topic:Due Week One Complete this form and submit it to the Week 1 Marketing Plan Dropbox. Your instructor must approve your idea, and will give you feedback and suggestions if you need help. You have several options when choosing a product or service for your marketing plan. Consider choosing a new product for a new company (your own) or creating a new product for an existing company. Perhaps you would want to do a product extension of an existing product. You might consider a different approach to marketing an existing service. You can target consumers or businesses. You may choose a product or service offered by your employer or your own business, or one from another organization. Ultimately, to maximize your learning experience, choose a product or service in which you have an interest and about which you would like to see your product or service come to the marketplace. Make sure there is information available about the industry and target marketing of the product or service you choose. MARKETING PLAN TOPIC Your Name: Product or Service Idea: Samsung Galaxy S III Is your product or service offered by: _x__an existing company? ___a new company imagined for the assignment? Explanation: Samsung Group is a South Korean based company that offers wide variety of electronic products such as laptops, televisions, and mobile phones. Their latest mobile phone is the Samsung Galaxy S III, an Android platform phone that is set to compete with the iPhone. Samsung mobile phones received much appreciation in other countries such as Asian and European countri es wherein it dominates the markets in the said countries. However, here in the United States, is faces tough completion over the iPhone from Apple. Who do you think is the target audience? Remember you will need research to confirm this. ): Target audience is anyone who uses mobile phones especially young adults. People in the working communities are also a target as this phone provides great support for business applications. It also targets young people as it offers wide variety of applications through its platform, Android. Are similar or competitive products or services available? List or briefly describe a similar product or service: (If your idea has no precedent in the marketplace, consider another idea). Yes there are similar products available in the market but have different features. This includes Motorola line of mobile phones, HTC phones, and it’s biggest competitor, Apple’s iPhone. How will your product or service differ from competitors? What is your distinctive competitive advantage? Samsung Galaxy S III differs from its competitors especially from the iPhone in a way that it’s applications can be downloaded for free from the Android App Store, it has bigger screen than the iPhone, it has support for Flash Player, it has 4G connectivity as compared to iPhone 4s’ 3G, and a powerful processor. These differences also serves as the products competitive advantage. Do you have questions for your instructor? None.

Mental Imagery: Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mental Imagery: Can a Figment of Imagination Help Performance? "It all comes from the mind. I've seen the most incredible success stories...because a person had a dream and it was so powerful no one could touch it. He'd feel it, believe it, think about it all day and night. That would inspire him to do things necessary to get the results he wanted (2)." -Arnold Schwarzenegger For the past few weeks, the world has been glued to their television screens, mesmerized by the breathtaking accomplishments of the 2002 Olympic athletes. As an avid watcher of ice skating events, I couldn’t help but wonder what athletes like the bronze medallist Micelle Kwan and the gold medallist Sarah Hughes were thinking prior to their final skating performances. Before the final skating event, both skaters physically practiced their performances. I noticed that in addition to physically preparing themselves by repeatedly running through their performances, Sarah and Michelle closed their eyes and listened to music before they skated. Did mental imagery help either of the athletes prepare and successfully execute their presentations? In other words, what are the effects of mental imagery on the performance of athletes such as Michelle Kwan and Sarah Hughes? Does it make a difference on performance if mental imagery of the desired outcome is absent or present? What is mental imagery? In The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance, Anne Plessinger describes mental imagery as the imagining of the execution of an action without actually performing the action. Plessinger also explains that mental imagery not only includes visual senses, but also auditory, olfactory and kinesthetic senses (4). Studies have demonstrated that mental imagery prior to athletic performance leads to better results than the execution of the action alone. Plessinger describes an experiment that consisted of a control group and an imagery group who were told to complete specific golf skills. It was concluded that the imagery group performed better because they had higher goals and expectations of themselves (4). Perhaps the mental preparation helped the imagery group’s brains acquire the right skills needed. Also, other studies have shown specific physiological differences (breathing, heart rate...etc.) with the addition of mental imagery before perform ance (1). Does this mean that mental imagery is linked to motor performance? Would athletes achieve the same or different results if they mentally prepare themselves or not? To answer these questions, I looked at the neurological aspect of mental imagery and motor preparation.

The Future Of Computer Crime In America :: essays research papers

The Future of Computer Crime in America The proliferation of home computers, and of home computers equipped with modems, has brought about a major transformation in the way American society communicates, interacts, and receives information. All of these changes being popularized by the media and the wide increased personal and private sector use of the Internet. All of these factors plus the fact of more and more business and government institutions are jumping to make the use of these services has put a much wider range of information at the finger tips of those, often select and few individuals whom know how to access, understand and use these information sources. Often times today this information is of a very sensitive and private nature on anything from IRS Tax returns, to Top Secret NASA payload launch information. Piled on top of that many times the individuals accessing these information sources are doing so by illegal means and are often motivated by deviant and illegal means. It is said that at any given time the average American has his name on an active file in over 550 computer information databases of which nearly 90% are online, and of the 550 databases the number comes no where close to how many time your personal information is listed in some database in an unactive file. The "Average American" could simply sit in his/her home doing nearly nothing all day long and still have his/her name go through over 1,000 computers a day. All of these vast information files all hold the crucial ones and zero's of data that make up your life as you and all others know it. All of these data bits, at the hands 100,000's of people. With little or NO central control or regulatory agency to oversee the safe handling of your precious little ones and zero's of information. As it would seem Arson Wells was little late with his title of "1984" . "BIG BROTHER" is INDEED WATCHING, US ALL and as it would seem our BIG BROTHER is alot bigger then Mr. Wells could have ever imagined. And that our BIG BROTHER is EVERYWHERE! The 100,000's of people that do have this information make up our modern BIG BROTHER in the form of government institutions to private advertising companies, these people are all the "trusted" ones who use our information everyday for legal and useful purposes but what about the others who use their skills and and knowledge to gain their "own" personal and illegal access to these vast depositories of information? These individuals popularized and demonized by the media are often referred to

Strategic human resource management

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTStrategic human resource is planned procedure of human resource deployment to accomplish organisations end, it is consist of right HR patterns and direction determinations. Wright and McMahan ( 1992 ) , the logic of strategic direction harmonizing to articulation of the black box it shows the nexus between the HR architecture and its subsequent public presentation. Brian E. Becker and Mark A. ( 2006 ) , indispensable portion of the SHRM is consistently associate the people with the house. Schuler and Jackson ( 2007: 5 ) Human resource direction is of import section in most of the organisation, it is straight or indirectly involves all direction determinations, execution and actions, it’s chiefly focus on do a strong, long term relationship between the direction and it employees. Beer El Al ( 1984 ) , HRM is connected with all the all the activities including engaging people, using and pull offing them, the direction covers with Strategic, cognition, human capital, corporate societal duty, resourcing, organisation development, larning and development and public presentation and reward direction. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 4 ) . In the UK legion statements, development and unfavorable judgment occurred to the Human resource direction, Legge ( 2005: 101 ) criticised the statement of Armstrong 1987 ; Fowler 1987, and UK faculty members, Henry and Pettigrew ( 1990:18 ) , they mentioned that HRM was strongly normative at the start and it is identified and supply proposed solution noticeable alterations, while supplying more attending to the demanding lacks – in attitudes, way, range and coherency – of old forces direction. Armstrong argued that HRM is no more and no less than to personal direction it’s clearly bespeaking the of import of handling people as cardinal resource, chief concern of the top direction and its strategic planning procedure of the organisation. The Contingency Model Harmonizing to eventuality theory HRM practises are chiefly depend on its environment and state of affairss, its chiefly focal point on doing a relationship between the organisations HR patterns, policies and schemes and its concern scheme adapt to its external and internal environment. Paauwe ( 2004: 36 ) clarified: ‘ connexion between the independent variables such as HRM policies and patterns, it is different to each company harmonizing to their size, age and engineering, capital strength, grade of unionisation, ownership, location and industry sector.’ The Harvard Model Human resource direction has an impact or power on all direction determinations, doing good relationship between the organisation and employees while happening the piece happening the actions impacting the relationship, organisation should see employee as a possible plus than variable cost, besides its says about the duty of line director. The line director has more duty to do certain HR policies and competitory scheme. Characteristic of SHRM Strategic HRM is a procedure of an organisation to use their people to accomplish ends, SHRM considers people as a chief plus to the organisation, they can accomplish these ends by utilizing HR schemes and patterns and incorporate HR policies. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 18 ) . HR patterns help the organisation to do their determination on strategic program, through strategic program organisations can accomplish their determination on overall or precise HR scheme, SHRM is see non merely strategic besides integrate with concern and HR, illustration how they do concern and program to make. 1.2 Importance of the Strategic Human resource Management An effectual HR scheme sets to accomplish what an organisation needs to accomplishAble to fulfill and carry through concern demands.It can be an effectual and efficient programmes.The actions can happen and expect demand and the jobs.It is logically connect support each otherIdentify the demands of the organisation and its other interest holders besides line directors and employees.Human capital direction This theory chiefly see on how people contribute to the organisation utilizing their accomplishments, cognition and abilities to increase the productiveness. Management should clearly explicate the objects, demands and wants of the organisation to employees, by doing the relationship with them and their trade brotherhoods. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 7, 28 ) . Making common involvement between the organisation and their employees by supplying needed support to their households and demoing involvement in response to that inquiring employees to make the same think to the organisation. J Mello ( 2014: 22 ) Corporate Scheme Showing the organisations duty to the society and environment through pull offing the concern ethically. Designing and implementing policies which help to increase the employees and their part to the organisation by their effectivity, making new programmes to increase the effectivity among them to react to the alteration and the maps. M Armstrong. S Taylor. ( 2014: 27 ) . 1.3 Framework of Strategic Human Resource Management The Harvard Model Harmonizing to Beer et Al ( 1984 ) , Organization should see people as an of import plus than a variable cost, he believed that many jobs are demanding larger and longer finally shows the necessity of the long term relationship in pull offing people. The model shows that job can be solved merely when general director want see how their employees traveling to execute on new development in the organisation, such as following HR policies and patterns to accomplish their specific ends. Armstrong ( 2003 ) Line director should cook to confront increased duty to puting policies with mission and set uping competitory scheme besides identify the right method to develop and implement his personal activities reciprocally. Beer et Al ( 1984 ) Huczynski and Buchanan ( 2001 ) and Loosemore et Al ( 2003 ) mentioned that Harvard theoretical account equipped the needed connexion between organisations public presentation, the concern environment and SHRM determinations. It provide more easy method to place how SHRM act uponing other organisational activities. The Harvard Framework ( Beer et al. , 1984 ) nnnnnk Advantages of the theoretical account harmonizing to Boxall ( 1992 ) and Armstrong ( 2003 )Identifying stakeholder which helps organisation to corporate with them.It acknowledges a wide scope of contextual influences on management’s pick of scheme, proposing a engagement of both product-market and socio-culturalIt provided the uncertainty of supervisory manner, meanwhile giving more infinite to the employee influence.It place and increase the involvement among the employer, employees and different involvement groups.Strongly depend on direction voice, non controlled by the environment or state of affairs.2.1 Strategic Human Resource Procedure HRD Audit HR Roles in Constructing a Competitive Organization Future/Strategic Focus Management of Management of Strategic Human Transformation Resourcesand alteration PROCESSPEOPLE Management ofManagement of Firm InfrastructureEmployee Contribution It is varies from short term operational to long term strategic, HR professional should understand the both strategic and operational method to supply more focal point on long and short term activities, these two procedure define the most of import principal of HR activity. D Ulrich ( 2013: 24 )Pull offing the Strategic Human Resources.Pull offing the Organizations substructure.Pull offing the employee’s part.Pull offing the organisation alteration the transmutation.2.2 Role of top direction Strategic HR function of front- line direction Strategic leader should be able to expect and calculate necessary alterations to the organisation in the hereafter. ( Hitt, Ireland, & A ; Hoskisson 2007: 375 ) . It involves in different map in the organisation, pull offing the employees harmonizing to the demand of the administration is of import function for the direction. The leading should accept and construct a strong connexion between organisations external and internal concern environment. ( Huey 1994: 42–50 ) Some of the recognized feature which strategic leading contribute to implement the effectual strategic direction.Determine and plan the strategic way.Organization map should be balanced.Adequate usage of organisations resources.Following right patterns ethicallyImplementing organisational civilizationStrategic director should follow all the above strategic action to lend, implement and accomplish all the administration strategic leading ends. ( Hitt et al. 2007: 384 ) . Reason for the most of strategic management’s failure is hapless execution and deficiency of leading. HR Function Now both private and public sector organisation confronting the challenges to increase their corporate public presentation, HR map most of import among that, to accomplish the organisations efficiency and effectivity in their mark public presentation they need a transmutation, merely they can accomplish this by animating HR map. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance†¦ – 2012 – books.google.com Technology has the of import portion in transmutation of HR, in the traditional HR attempt and cost are high because of the deficiency of engineering. Now HR transmutation in to the new engineering provides the increased public presentation and added value to the HR map and concern itself, familiar with this connexion of the strategic attempt is of import, finally it will take to accomplish the key ( transactional and administrative ) activities of the HR’s following coevals. MI Hunter, MA Boroughs, MT Bendrien, MS Constance ( 2012: 2 ) – books.google.com

Grow a Magic Crystal Christmas Tree

Grow a Magic Crystal Christmas Tree The magic part of the magic crystal Christmas tree is partly how quickly the crystals grow and partly the whole notion of a paper or sponge tree magically sprouting crystal foliage. This project is a variation on the charcoal crystal garden, except the crystals are grown on a tree form. Magic Crystal Tree Experiment Difficulty Level: BeginnerTime Required: OvernightMaterials: Salt, Water, Ammonia, Laundry BluingKey Concepts: Crystallization, Dissolving Magic Crystal Christmas Tree Materials 6 tablespoons or 90 ml water6 tablespoons or 90 ml table salt (preferably uniodized)6 tablespoons or 90 ml Mrs. Stewarts liquid laundry bluing1 tablespoon or 15 ml household ammoniaFood coloring (optional) Make the magic solution by dissolving the salt in the water and stirring in the bluing liquid and the ammonia. Grow a Magic Crystal Christmas Tree There are ​a  couple of different ways you can go here. You can cut a sponge into the shape of a Christmas tree, set it in a shallow dish, and pour the crystal solution over the sponge. Set the dish someplace where it wont be disturbed. You can dot the sponge with food coloring (like ornaments) if desired. Depending on the temperature and humidity, crystals may start to appear on the sponge Christmas tree in less than an hour. You should have a nice set of crystals if you let the dish sit out overnight. The other method is to cut out a cardboard or blotting paper Christmas tree. If you make two of these trees, you can cut one halfway down the top and the other halfway up from the bottom, match the cut ends together, and create a standing 3-dimensional tree. You can decorate your tree with food coloring ornaments. Set this tree in a shallow dish that contains the crystal growing solution. Crystal leaves will start to grow on your tree as the liquid is wicked up the paper and evaporates. If you cant get laundry bluing, you can get inexpensive kits to grow magic crystal Christmas trees.

Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece

One of the most famous and most widely studied of Netherland paintings is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece completed in 1426. This three piece panel triptych stirred fifteenth century Flemings with its exquisiteness and mystifying symbolism. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is imagined as taking place not in the traditional church but in a modern Nether land house. The proportions of the â€Å"room† which occupies the large central panel are drastically foreshortened, but the painter’s choice of lines of sight demonstrates development in unified perspective that is so different from the illuminated French manuscripts done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin uses individual panels to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The small size of the altarpiece a little over two feet square reminds us of its function in a individual observance. 2 Flemish painting has undergone a transition and objects of daily life and sacred rituals are rendered with symbolic content of the painting, as objects that serve other then allegorical purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is shown in the central panel reading and not acknowledging the presence of the angel Gabriel watching over her. George Ferguson author of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art interprets Mary’s reading as taking place in the context of a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is an act of private devotion rather then public empowerment. Lilies on the table and a towel in its niche represent the piscine that the priest use for hand washing and symbolic purification.3 The left panel shows the donors looking through a door, open-eyed, and observing, a key theme of Netherlanders paintings, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art suggest the donors in the painting is that of Jan Englebrecht a merchant and his wife that lived in Cologne. A guarded wall separates the donors firmly from the town behind ... Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece Free Essays on Merode Altarpiece One of the most famous and most widely studied of Netherland paintings is Robert Campin, the Master Flemalles, Merode Altarpiece completed in 1426. This three piece panel triptych stirred fifteenth century Flemings with its exquisiteness and mystifying symbolism. The subject of the altarpiece is the Annunciation. The Annunciation is imagined as taking place not in the traditional church but in a modern Nether land house. The proportions of the â€Å"room† which occupies the large central panel are drastically foreshortened, but the painter’s choice of lines of sight demonstrates development in unified perspective that is so different from the illuminated French manuscripts done by the Limburg Brothers. 1 Campin uses individual panels to shape the visual field of the altarpiece. The small size of the altarpiece a little over two feet square reminds us of its function in a individual observance. 2 Flemish painting has undergone a transition and objects of daily life and sacred rituals are rendered with symbolic content of the painting, as objects that serve other then allegorical purposes.1 The Virgin Mary is shown in the central panel reading and not acknowledging the presence of the angel Gabriel watching over her. George Ferguson author of Signs and Symbolism in Christian Art interprets Mary’s reading as taking place in the context of a sanctuary.3 Reading in the Flemish culture is an act of private devotion rather then public empowerment. Lilies on the table and a towel in its niche represent the piscine that the priest use for hand washing and symbolic purification.3 The left panel shows the donors looking through a door, open-eyed, and observing, a key theme of Netherlanders paintings, Mary and the Angel Gabriel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art suggest the donors in the painting is that of Jan Englebrecht a merchant and his wife that lived in Cologne. A guarded wall separates the donors firmly from the town behind ...

Free Essays on Gangs

"Once inside, I was walked through a gauntlet of desperate men. Their hot smell in the muggy corridor was as foul as their appearance. None of them seemed to have a full set of front teeth. Many bore prominently displayed tattoos of skulls or demons. One could argue whether it was the look of these men that led them to prison or whether it was the prison that gave them their look. Just looking at them made me fear for my life" (Hassine, 7). Most inmates in correctional facilities felt the way that Victor Hassine felt on his first day in a correctional facility in Pennsylvania called Graterford State Prison. New inmates are seen as "fresh meat". They fear their life. Most of these inmates find sanctuary in gangs. Inmates join gangs for protection. Gangs in correctional facilities are more of a necessity, unlike street gangs. People don't need a gang to survive in the street because there are other ways one can find help, a family, protection, belongingness, etc. But in correctional facilities one's outlets are limited. One's preoccupation in jail is survival, which leads inmates to change their habits, personality, and even their values. Living in an environment where "an unexpected smile could mean trouble, a man in uniform is not a friend, being kind is a weakness, and eye contact is a threat" doesn't leave one much of a choice, does it? There are numerous gangs in correctional facilities but among the most common are the Latin Kings, Five Percent Nation, and the Netas. Some gangs in these facilities are extensions of neighborhood street gangs. Their names are based on their urban location, like the 21st and Norris Gang, the 60th and Market Gang, and the 10th Street Gang in Philadelphia. There are also less common prison gangs like Los Solidos, Latin Locos, G27, Nation, Brotherhood, Elm City Boys, 20 Luv, and Esses. White gangs almost always originate in prison and are a minority. They a... Free Essays on Gangs Free Essays on Gangs The book that I chose to read was a book called â€Å"Gangs† by a woman named Karen L. Kinnear. I chose this book for one simple reason, the tag at the bottom of the front cover. The tag on the cover says Contemporary World Issues. I wanted to read something that was current in today’s society and it was something that is pretty familiar to many young black men these days. If black men are not involved in gangs then they are very knowledgeable about them. This book talked about what gangs are, who joins gangs and why, and many other facets involving gangs. According to the book, a gang is very difficult to define. This is so because of the questions proposed. One question that was asked was if a gang is just a group of people who hang around each other. Then another question that was asked was if adults in a group could be classified as a gang. Then it was asked if the group has to be involved in some kind of criminal behavior. All these questions make it obvious to see that gangs plague today’s society to a point that we can not even put a definition on what a gang really is. According to this book by Karen Kinnear, defining gangs is often a political issue that reflects the interests and agendas of the various individuals and agencies involved with gangs. These individuals and agencies would happen to be law-enforcement personnel, politicians, advocates, social workers, the media, and researchers. After reading this part, I was highly shocked at how true that really was, and I really never recognized that until readin g it here in this book. The definition of a gang has changed from each person who defines it to the next. A researcher named Frederic Thrasher decided to offer his definition in the year of 1927. He said that a gang â€Å"is an interstitial group, originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict. It is characterized by the following types of behavior; meeting face to face, milling,... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long-range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also a crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that children’s morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since no one can completely turn off their minds, these children must be learning something while watching the television. Few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown from a gang's perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existence as accepta... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs have been and will always be a part of society, They have in one form or another been around for hundreds of years. For example pirates were in some way or another a form of an organized gang. The groups that traditionally come to mind when one thinks of modern day gangs are the Crips and the Bloods from California, and the people Folk originating from Chicargo. The origins of the Crips and Bloods can be traced to the late 60's, and the gang culture is so ingrained on the west coast that many families have three and even four generations of gangsters residing in the same residence. The people Folks started out in the late 70 and early 80’s Depending on whose figures you listen to (some officials have a tendency to downsize the numbers). As of January, 1993, L.A. gangs set’s numbered between 800 and 1000, with anywhere from 120,000 to 220,000 members. These numbers are often debated, and depending on whose criteria is used to decide who is and is not a gangbang er. The figures could be considerably higher. This paper will elaborate on some of the facts surrounding Juvenile gangs. Over the past several years we have seen a increase in the number of juvenile crimes and juveniles joining organized gangs. These juveniles are not only joining at a younger age but are committing more violent crimes then there antecedent. What makes these young men and women decide to participate in the violent and often deadly crimes of gangs? Why would a youngster be so eager to submit himself or herself to the torture of initiation or risk there life by having sex with a known person that’s HIV positive? Although varies regions of the country may have different meanings or definition for the term "gang member" a good description for a gang can be found in the November 1991 issue of school safety update published by Pepperdine University’s National School Safety Center, it defines a gang as "A group of three or more individuals with... Free Essays on Gangs Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today's cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings' personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theater, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being absorbed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gang's perspective. To a child this portrays a violent gang existence as acceptable. 'The Ends Justifies the Means' mentality is also t... Free Essays on Gangs "Once inside, I was walked through a gauntlet of desperate men. Their hot smell in the muggy corridor was as foul as their appearance. None of them seemed to have a full set of front teeth. Many bore prominently displayed tattoos of skulls or demons. One could argue whether it was the look of these men that led them to prison or whether it was the prison that gave them their look. Just looking at them made me fear for my life" (Hassine, 7). Most inmates in correctional facilities felt the way that Victor Hassine felt on his first day in a correctional facility in Pennsylvania called Graterford State Prison. New inmates are seen as "fresh meat". They fear their life. Most of these inmates find sanctuary in gangs. Inmates join gangs for protection. Gangs in correctional facilities are more of a necessity, unlike street gangs. People don't need a gang to survive in the street because there are other ways one can find help, a family, protection, belongingness, etc. But in correctional facilities one's outlets are limited. One's preoccupation in jail is survival, which leads inmates to change their habits, personality, and even their values. Living in an environment where "an unexpected smile could mean trouble, a man in uniform is not a friend, being kind is a weakness, and eye contact is a threat" doesn't leave one much of a choice, does it? There are numerous gangs in correctional facilities but among the most common are the Latin Kings, Five Percent Nation, and the Netas. Some gangs in these facilities are extensions of neighborhood street gangs. Their names are based on their urban location, like the 21st and Norris Gang, the 60th and Market Gang, and the 10th Street Gang in Philadelphia. There are also less common prison gangs like Los Solidos, Latin Locos, G27, Nation, Brotherhood, Elm City Boys, 20 Luv, and Esses. White gangs almost always originate in prison and are a minority. They a... Free Essays on Gangs GANGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FAMILIES Introduction The aim or objective of this paper is to thoroughly report on why individuals join gangs and how gang membership can put people’s friends, family and even themselves in jeopardy of being seriously injured or killed. The researcher is aiming towards a few topics on this paper such as gang membership, graffiti, violence and vandalism, and spreading gangs. Most people do not realize or do not know how dangerous gangs can be and this can lead to serious consequences. Literature Review Gangs affect the enviroment or city in which people live. They affect the enviroment of families and cause harm to victims and witnesses in areas of gang territory. Incentives or becoming a gang member, graffiti in the neighborhood, gang violence, the spread of gangs, and gang prevention will be explored thoroughly. The research found on gangs mainly focused on adolescent and young adult males. The most popular reason for joining a gang is coming from a dysfunctional family and wanting a sense of having a family (Lahey). These types of people do not think very highly of themselves. They feel good belonging to a gang because they believe that their family, friends or community has not paid any attention to them. People of certain races or cultures may believe that they are powerless or have no opportunities. Gus Gedatus states that â€Å"they may not feel that they are apart of society† (Gedatus 8). These types of people look at participating in a gang as being cool. Another popular reason for joining a gang is to follow family tradition. Some people’s parents or maybe even grandparents have belonged to a certain gang and will be upset or feel that the person is betraying the family. Youth form gangs because people fear it. This fear may give the members a sense of power. These types of gangs tend to move into neighborhoods that are unfamiliar with gang activit y in ... Free Essays on Gangs â€Å"GANGS† Across the United States there is a type of subculture that needs to be dealt with and destroyed. Gangs are the type of subculture at hand. Gangs can be defined as a subculture because they exist within society while maintaining their own norms, beliefs, and values. Gangs are a subculture of violence, whose values demand the use of violence in overt situations (Adler, Mueller, Laufer 2001). Gang membership promotes violence and other delinquent behavior from its members (such as vandalism and drug relations). Gangs need to be abolished if we hope to clean up our streets, get our children back in school, and have a chance at winning the drug war. Are you as person looking to seek a public office ready to deal with this issue? I will continue to give you some background knowledge of gangs. Let the fact be known that it is not illegal to be in a gang, but once a criminal action takes place gang members have stepped over the line and their membership is now perceived as illegal. One of the main ways that gang membership forms is from generation to generation. A child is exposed to the gang activity taking place in his or her neighborhood and may want to take part in this gang to fill an emotional void. This void might be in need of love from a â€Å"family† group, respect, or a sense of belonging to a peer group. A child might have older siblings that are members of a gang and the younger child longs to be like the older sibling. Youth might also join a gang for the protection from other gang violence and the chance to make money fast. Whatever the reason is for joining gangs, America’s youth believe that gang membership allows them to achieve a level of status that was impossible to attain outside of the gangs. It is estimated that there are more than 24,500 gangs active the United States in 2000 (Egley, 2001). The average number of gang members for 2000 was 750,000 (Egley, 2001). These number... Free Essays on Gangs Analysis of Gangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today’s society. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable awn prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings’ personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is much to blame. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it sound glamorous. Money is also a crucial factor. A young kid is shown that he/she could make $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. This amount of money causes gang life to look like a gold mine. Anyone could use this kind of many, and attempt to get it. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of television and movies. The average child spends more time at in front of a television set than he/she spends in a classroom. Since their minds are still working, they take in what is on the television and â€Å"learn† from it. Unfortunately, very few hours of television watched by children are educational. Many shows on television today are extremely violent. This shows children that gang life is exciting as well as acceptable. This is taught through many shows where the â€Å"good guy† captures the â€Å"bad guy† through violence and is then being commended. A young child sees this as ...

Cold War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cold War - Research Paper Example Beginning in 1947 and lasting until 1991, the Cold War can be defined as the sustained state of military, as well as political, tensions that existed between western hemisphere countries and their NATO allies and the Eastern hemisphere that was dominated by countries in the Warsaw Pact dominated by the USSR1. Following the success of the wartime alliance formed temporarily against Hitler’s Nazi Germany, the only two superpowers in global affairs were the United States and the Soviet Union. However, these two countries had profound differences in their political and economic ideologies, and this led to the beginning of the Cold War. The Second World War had a profound effect on global politics, with the early efforts of leaders in the US and the USSR attempting to shape the international system that was emerging after the war. In my opinion, the beginning of the Cold War can be traced from encouragement made by the Europeans, especially the British. Their encouragement of the U nited States to make their policy tougher towards the USSR was vital in the beginning. From my reading of the article, The Origins of Post War America, I believe that former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill reinforced this policy during his iron curtain speech2. As Americans, we decided to pursue this policy because it would advance our interests, which resulted in the French, British, and other Western European countries joining us in the sphere of influence. Free elections in these European countries worked towards ratifying the support of Western Europe governments for us. However, the CIA, through its support for anti-communist intellectual organizations and labor unions, did manipulate the outcomes somewhat. From being egged on by the Europeans, we as a country took over the resistance to the communist Eastern Bloc to head it and influence the European powers3. For those European countries that immediately were not up to standard such as Turkey, Greece, and Spain, we us ed economic leverage. As a country, we projected an image of minimal constraint, economic robustness, and civility that highly contrasted with that of imperial USSR, and so began the Cold War in earnest. Following the devastation that was meted on Europe and large parts of the Soviet Union by the war, our country’s promise of democracy reverberated across the world. The United States emerged from the war as the only major country that had escaped massive damage. While we faced a period of reconversion, our European allies faced a period of reconstruction4. The war had completely overturned the old order and two countries arose from the rubble, the US and USSR. Together, we were eager to seize the opportunity to extend our influence, and we clashed over policies of occupation in Korea, Austria, Japan, Italy, and Germany. This led to a new bi-polar structure, which ensured that the decisions we made determined the manner in which other countries made their decisions. However, t he bi-polar nature of the world was more of an asymmetry than a balance, as we held predominant power that enabled us to build up even more5. Our economy was also much stronger than all the rest and our power as a country arose because all other nations were weakened. The atomic bomb, which effectively ended the Second World War, ensured that the nuclear race continued to destabilize the world during the Cold War as we and the USSR looked for, ways to deal with it as atomic development programs spurred on. The bomb throughout the Cold War period was uncontrolled, copied, and envied, making it a major obstacle to getting peace in the postwar international system6. The issue of how to control to use, spread and development of the atom bomb dogged the entire period. Our government was worried that our monopoly would end with an increase of nuclear proliferation. These fears were further intensified with the successful trial of an atom bomb by the USSR in 1949. The weapon turned to be a way for various countries to pry concessions or deter

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study Research Paper

Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study - Research Paper Example By this, assumption is that Joe’s employees will be prosperous because they were able to take their responsibilities, which are their capacity to attribute. Similarly, the attribute effort is because they managed time and dedicated their effort at meeting their customer base. A challenge in their tasks is mainly conquered by making necessary effort and determination. Additionally, even with significant effort, ability and role-challenge, workers have to attribute some amount of fortune. Individual mood and time should coincide with workers fortune. Discussion This discussion will investigate Joe the leader of famous Northern American firm, and his workers and how workers should comprehend the significance of how people form perception and make attributions. Joe believes that his workers have created a strong and effective relationship with their clients thought diverse techniques use in the business. The discussion will explain learning social theory, significance of the theor y in Joe’s case and the application of the theory in improving workers performance, in the company, (Martinko, 2004). Worker need to comprehend how people create opinions and make attributions because perception is a crucial process by which people choose, select, coordinate, explain, interpret and react to information. Workers are regularly exposed to diverse information, and they know when managers are deceiving. People analyze the information in their mind and organize it to create concepts regarding their experiences and senses. Different individuals perceive different cases differently based on what they selectively perceive and organize and explain what leaders and workers perceive. The attributions made by managers and workers about the causes of behaviors are crucial for behavior understanding. For instance, a manger that attributes inadequate production directly to his employees is likely to act increasingly punitively than a manager who attributes inefficient perfor mance to situations beyond the control of his subordinates. A leader who acknowledges that a worker performed poorly because she had insufficient training or skills may comprehend, and give the person adequate instructions or extra training. Comprehending the significance of how individuals form opinions and tailor attributions will aid Joe’s workers in establishing and sustaining strong, trusted and culturally solid connection with customers. Ensuring that workers realize cultural diversities and perceptions of their clients minimizes the tendency of workers unintentionally offending clients. What people consider as a sincere hand waving as a way saying Hi and goodbye can be perceived different by a person from India or Japanese. A mere index finger curling indicating, â€Å"come closer† may be interpreted by an Australian and Indonesian as prostitution solicitation. A number of people are not aware of both verbal and non-verbal social cultural differences among cultu res. Therefore, if Salatino educates his workers on factors that influence an individual’s perception, workers will have extra knowledge and expertise to create strong connections. It will also aid workers comprehend how individuals form perceptions and tailor attributions about different people, (Williams & Noyes, 2007). Some external factors that influence perception and attribution involve intensity, differences,

My Philosophy of Education (Early Childhood Education) Essay - 1

My Philosophy of Education (Early Childhood Education) - Essay Example A sense of security encourages risk-taking by children, both emotionally and intellectually. The teacher should strive to nurture each child and the group in a manner which is consistent with developmentally appropriate practice. To this end, strict lessons should be minimized and supplemented liberally by child-directed activities and play-oriented roles. Stress can be minimized and children can be explorers of knowledge. With respect to the students, they should learn to teach themselves. They should be allowed to define problems and the means by which such problems are solved. They should be allowed to test new ideas and observe the consequences of different actions. Finally, a strict curriculum should be de-emphasized and students allowed to help choose what and how they will learn. Within limits, curriculum and assessment should be collaborative. I believe this will make students more engaged. The first value that we should teach children, and one not stated explicitly enough in my view, is that every child is capable of learning. Research on meta-cognition, in effect learning how to learn, suggests that students who keep a record of their learning tend to perform well. This can be reinforced in the early childhood context by having students keep a picture diary or journal. They can draw what they have learned and reflect on how much they have learned every week or every month. Another important value is the value of diversity; more particularly, the sincere recognition that other people, whatever their gender, race, or personality, have something important to offer the larger group. This is important because students must learn to succeed in other social settings in the future. This can be taught using play-oriented activities in which a successful resolution depends on the contribution of each member of the group rather than the acts of, say, a single individual. Children should also be taught the value of reflection; more specifically, they should be taught that patience and learning can co-exist. This can be taught by requiring a thinking time before accepting answers or comments. The value of persistence is also of great value. Children should be taught that learning is a cumulative process. This can be taught by having periodic reviews where students demonstrate what they have learned in a child-initiated environment. The teacher participates rather than directs. Students can ask and answer the questions. Finally, students should be taught the value that learning is useful. Too often students are left to wonder why they are doing what they are doing. What is the purpose The teacher should design activities which allow the children to apply what they have learned. The activity may be clever or purely humorous, but the link between concept or theory and use or application should be instilled in the children. My Philosophy of Education As a teacher, I feel that it is my primary obligation to create the safest and most learning-conducive environment possible. Although I do value the mastery of specific learning outcomes, this is not my ultimate goal; rather, I hope to create learning values that the student can apply to develop emotionally, socially and intellectually. I also hope to convey a relevant curriculum for the learner, so that students begin to see the usefulness of

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS Assignment

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example Demand and supply factors Gazprom operates in the industry of natural gas. From the supply side the factors affecting sales of the company and its profitability are weather, demographics, economic growth, fuel consumption, storage and exports. From the supply side the factors affecting sales are pipeline capacity, storage, gas drilling, natural phenomena, technical issues and imports. The demand of natural gas has followed the cyclical pattern. It depends on time and season changes. The peak season of demand is the coldest months while demand is low in the hotter months although demand increases slightly in summer to meet the requirements of electric generators. The price of natural gas can affect demand of particularly those consumers who have the capacity to switch the fuel of their dependence. An expanding economy tends to give rise to more demand for the industrial consumers. (EIA, 2008). The supply and the price of electricity will affect the demand for retail consumers. Restruc tured electric industry is expected to keep stability in electricity price. Deregulation of market for natural gas and competition may reduce the prices in the long run. WPA report states migration of population from southern to western states. Supply of electricity is required for the nation’s space cooling agency, energy is used for space heating, and migration may reduce the demand in these sectors. Stringent regulations on total energy efficiency can serve as the helping hand in increasing demand of natural gas in residential and commercial appliances. Technological advancement in the form of application operated with natural gas may compete with the electrical ones providing a huge increase in demand. Market Structure A straight forward market structure characterized the market for natural gas prior to deregulation and unbundling of pipeline. (Natural gas, n.d.). The industry has changed dramatically in the present times and exposed to choice and competition. Free market regulates the prices. Interstate pipelines offers on the components of transportation which is under the regulation of the federal. LDCs are continuing to offer bundled products although many states allow the use of distribution network but only for transportation. Producers or LDCs are the supplier to the end users. Marketers are present in the existing market structure. They serve in the process of mobilizing natural gas from producers to end users. Marketers can have their mark in sale and transport of natural gas. The simplified market structure is presented diagrammatically as follows: (Natural gas, n.d.). The regulation of the environment also has its effects on constructing the market structure. The actions taken by the federal and the related agencies can have significant impacts on the functioning of natural gas market (The Natural Gas Supply Association, 2006). Requirements to compete in the market The market for natural gas tends to be profitable as they enjoy monopoly p ower. To maintain the profitable positions the company should prevent discriminatory and preferential service. Investments which are inefficient and strategies of unfair pricing should be avoided. The company should ensure service of high quality. Measures can be undertaken to prevent wasteful duplication of facilities. The company can act as a substitute where

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Leadership - Essay Example He has been known to be one of the biggest revolutions in the computer industry. Bill Gates has built a strong image for himself and has grown to be recognised as the best entrepreneurs in the world. He has set down examples, is admired by many as well as has been criticized for his style of business (Lesinki, 2006). There have been mixed views on his style of working and he has been criticized of being anti competitive. The above mentioned names are of two extra ordinary leaders, who have created a strong image for themselves and have been recognised across the world. Both these leaders have had their own styles of leading their people. Since this is a very vast topic to be discussed, this report will only deal with the aspect of their leadership in terms of communication. Communicating with the people is the most important as it a leader requires to use their people by communicating to them what exactly they require (Griessman, 2004). Focusing on the communication of Abraham Lincoln, it is seen that he has been extremely good at communicating with his people. He used a number of different tricks like story telling and humour, which assisted him strongly to send out the required message and also relate to the people alongside. He strongly believed that this would allow the audience to take back a clear painted picture of what is being told rather than forget all the statistics and details while wal king out of the room. This is a very strong form of communication and although he had a very limited experience, he has been able to rightly connect with the audience and convey the message to all. He strongly believed that if a person needed to convey something to others, it is essential that the person knows what they are talking about. This he believed could be got only with a lot of reading, and hard work. Being a lawyer, Lincoln had learned the importance of questioning

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS Assignment

MACROECONOMIC and MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example Demand and supply factors Gazprom operates in the industry of natural gas. From the supply side the factors affecting sales of the company and its profitability are weather, demographics, economic growth, fuel consumption, storage and exports. From the supply side the factors affecting sales are pipeline capacity, storage, gas drilling, natural phenomena, technical issues and imports. The demand of natural gas has followed the cyclical pattern. It depends on time and season changes. The peak season of demand is the coldest months while demand is low in the hotter months although demand increases slightly in summer to meet the requirements of electric generators. The price of natural gas can affect demand of particularly those consumers who have the capacity to switch the fuel of their dependence. An expanding economy tends to give rise to more demand for the industrial consumers. (EIA, 2008). The supply and the price of electricity will affect the demand for retail consumers. Restruc tured electric industry is expected to keep stability in electricity price. Deregulation of market for natural gas and competition may reduce the prices in the long run. WPA report states migration of population from southern to western states. Supply of electricity is required for the nation’s space cooling agency, energy is used for space heating, and migration may reduce the demand in these sectors. Stringent regulations on total energy efficiency can serve as the helping hand in increasing demand of natural gas in residential and commercial appliances. Technological advancement in the form of application operated with natural gas may compete with the electrical ones providing a huge increase in demand. Market Structure A straight forward market structure characterized the market for natural gas prior to deregulation and unbundling of pipeline. (Natural gas, n.d.). The industry has changed dramatically in the present times and exposed to choice and competition. Free market regulates the prices. Interstate pipelines offers on the components of transportation which is under the regulation of the federal. LDCs are continuing to offer bundled products although many states allow the use of distribution network but only for transportation. Producers or LDCs are the supplier to the end users. Marketers are present in the existing market structure. They serve in the process of mobilizing natural gas from producers to end users. Marketers can have their mark in sale and transport of natural gas. The simplified market structure is presented diagrammatically as follows: (Natural gas, n.d.). The regulation of the environment also has its effects on constructing the market structure. The actions taken by the federal and the related agencies can have significant impacts on the functioning of natural gas market (The Natural Gas Supply Association, 2006). Requirements to compete in the market The market for natural gas tends to be profitable as they enjoy monopoly p ower. To maintain the profitable positions the company should prevent discriminatory and preferential service. Investments which are inefficient and strategies of unfair pricing should be avoided. The company should ensure service of high quality. Measures can be undertaken to prevent wasteful duplication of facilities. The company can act as a substitute where

Hong Kong Land Holdings Limited Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hong Kong Land Holdings Limited - Case Study Example Even though HKL gave the least bid, HKL lost MPFA to Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited because the tenant had certain technological and modern standards which Landmark did not fulfill. As a result HKL lost HK$ 900,201 per month from rental income. Threat of takeovers: Competitors believed that HKL was not fully utilizing its commercial properties. Subsequently so as to unlock the shareholder value the leading tycoons of Hong Kong tried to take over HKL. HKL sold some of its valuable holdings in order to fight of the take over. Even so two competitors, Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited and Hutchison Whampoa Limited, managed to secure a 4.7% interest in HKL. Location: Of the 11 estates it owns in Hong Kong, 8 of them are located in Central District (Exhibit 3). In addition the 11 Charter Road Development property is expected to be completed in 2002 which will further increase the market dominance in Central District (Exhibit 4). It is said that Central is the 'Financial Heart' of Hong Kong. So HKL's portfolio of Commercial Assets is concentrated in a promising market. Convenience: The buildings in HKL's holdings have ease of access to every from of public transportation-the railway, airport and subway. In addition the buildings are all linked by a Central Pedestrian Bridge System which eases the movement of those who work or shop in the buildings regardless of the weather. For instance Alexandra House & Prince Buildings are linked by pedestrian walkways that run across Ice House Street. There is also a walkway that links Jardine House to Swire house and One Exchange Square (Exhibit 15) Customer Groups: HKL has managed to attract leading brand retailers. Ermenegilo, Zegna, Prada, Ralph Lauren, and Gucci are some of the international brand retailers that are entering the Hong Kong market. These companies are beginning to see Hong Kong as a good market for their files. The presence of these clients increases the marketability of its retail properties particularly in Central District. Besides the brand retailers, HKL has also managed to create a portfolio of food and beverage shops in its shopping centers. This has improved the marketability of HKL's Holdings. Brand Name: Through its promotional activities HKL has managed to redefine its role as the leading landlord. It was also successful in building up a commercial image for Central District through its partners. Its long experience in the business has enabled it to become business partners with its tenants especially in Central which it has been working since 1889 Weaknesses Age of its properties: Most of HKL's buildings are more than 20 years old (Exhibit 14). With changing modern buildings and improved technologies, most tenants are willing to pay more for new buildings. Equity Fund Raising: Although HKL is working in Hong Kong, it is not listed in the stock market of Hong Kong because of political fears. Therefore cannot fund its needs locally by issuing shares. Nature of Leases: Most of HKL's lease terms were short term. In 1999 alone, 25% of leases were due for renewal. With short renewal cycles HKL is forced to reduce its rental prices in order to retain its existing customers. Threats Economic Problems: The Asian Economic Crisis and the handling

The advertising world Essay Example for Free

The advertising world Essay The youths are highly influenced when they hit their transitional period from adolescence to the teenage years. They are dealing with the changes in their bodies and minds. Businesses are cashing in on the ability to target these children with their products; companies have focused advertising their products to young girls. The advertising world is also using younger models to sell their products. They are using the youth to sell anything from candy to underwear for their companies. The federal government should ban advertisers from allowing young girls to model as grown women. Advertising companies has used women to model as early back as the 1890’s The ideal of a beautiful woman has changed over the decades. Women and young girls look at magazines, movies, and movie stars and they desire to look like them. This may not be a problem for some women, but it has become a problem for the young girls today. The advertising world should be limited to how the youths are used in advertising. The writer remembers a story, which was overseas, a young model about ten years old was hired to model underwear, and she had on so much make up that it made her look like she was in her twenties, and she was wearing underwear that was for a grown woman. Neither the make-up nor the underwear was appropriate for this young girl to wear and/or to be advertising for other young girls to want to purchase. Young girls should not be exploited in this manner. A lot of young girls have a negative body image of themselves. When they desire to be something or somebody, they are not can or will cause the girls to develop eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia or binge eating. The young girls want to be beautiful and thin because of the ideal body image that the advertising world is demonstrating in their ads, this how they are supposed to look to be accepted within a glamorous world. The perception of a better life is you are beautiful and thin. Most people are aware of anorexia, and bulimia is eating disorders were a person eats food, and then they use laxatives or force themselves to vomit to become and stay thin. The person who has anorexia or bulimia sees themselves as fat, and they may be very thin. Most people, such as the writer have not heard of binge eating as an eating disorder. Our nation is concerned as being obese. The writer has not heard of binge eating being explained as a cause for some people may be overweight. On the House of Thin website, it talked about binge eating and suggested there is help for these people through a support group. Another eason why advertisers should not use young girls to model as grown women, they put all this make-up on a young girl and have them pose as if they are grown women. There are predators out in the world, and young girls are their targets. The writer believes young girls should look like young girls (youthful and innocent appearance) and should not look like grown women, there may be less of this problem. There are numerous website that is exploiting young girls in various ways. The writer was in disbelief while doing my research. The police are also online looking for these predators of the children. Advertising is big business, and our nation operates on a Capitalism system. The writer likes, the statement from our textbook, â€Å"Citizens are entitled to protection from harmful actions by others (Lunsford 2010). Using young girls to advertise merchandise like they are grown women is a harmful action. Body image and the media has become big business at the expense of the youth. The children are not happy with themselves, and parents are allowing this to happen. When is enough, enough? Stop exploiting our children for the price of a dollar. Adults have the responsibility to ensure children keep their innocence, and children don’t become an adult before their time. Children must be talked to about themselves, and children should be encouraged to increase their self- esteem. A positive and nurturing environment is what children need to help fight the advertising world. The writer knows that advertising to the young is not going to change overnight, just like the problem didn’t start overnight. Parents do have a voice and can make a change within our households. Parents also need to be aware of what their child is doing. Growing up back in the 60-70’s children was always watched by somebody, whether it was a teacher, parent, family member or just the neighbor. Somebody was involved with the children; parents need to become more involved. Today, adults lead a very busy life, demands on the job, making sure to work hard and not make mistakes for fear of losing a job. The time invested in the children will make difference. The influence of the television, magazines, movie stars or their peers on the youth we will have more and more youth with eating disorders and vulnerable to predators. The United States economic system is a Capitalistic and people will say that the advertiser has the right to make money. People can argue that the parents are responsible for managing their children spending habits. Base on a survey in 1994; found that 40% of 9 years old have been on a diet (Derenne, and Beresin). Parents should limit the amount of time children are exposed to various forms of media. Monitoring the children and talking about what the children are seeing is another method to use with media. Parents are not responsible, and the federal government needs to look out for the well-being of the youth. Every society has a way of torturing its, women, whether by binding their feet or by sticking them into whalebone corsets. The American culture has come up with its designer jeans (Derenne, and Beresin). Nothing else can say it better than this statement.

Effect Of Leadership On Employees

Effect Of Leadership On Employees This paper tries to research the impact of different variables of leadership on employee motivation. Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation, Leaders Gender and Leaders Skills were taken as the independent variable and Employee Motivation was taken as the dependent variable. Data was gathered through the use of questionnaires. The results showed that Leadership Style, Leaders Skill and Leaders Motivation had a significant impact on the Employees Motivation whereas Leadership Gender had no significant impact of the Employees Motivation. The research is concluded with a detailed analysis of the result with conclusion. This chapter introduces some of the important features of the topic. It will give an overview of the different variables involved in leadership and how they effect employee motivation. The broad topic of my research is Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management is a new emerging concern for the organizations in Pakistan. Locally we can see many firms without a proper Human Resource department. Lately the Human Resource practices which are conducted in Pakistan are mostly carried out in the manufacturing sector but recently we have experienced a trend of Human Resource being adopted in the services sector. This topic has managerial as well as academic value. An overview of leadership Leaders in an organization play the pivotal role of founding and promoting values and ethics in the work environment. The influence leaders will have on employees in any given organization is immense and it is this influence that is in fact also vital to its functioning. Their interaction with workers casts the modality of operations and depending on the leaders behaviorism and style promotes or decreases motivation in the work place. The study of leadership is an abstract one and that leaves many loose threads, it is situation specific and no blue prints for the perfect type are available. And yet the brunt of the goal oriented characteristic of motivation also lies with the leader and it is he/her who must take on the responsibility of molding his/her style to suit the employees motivation needs. This research looks in to the intricacy of the relationship between leadership and motivation and studies the linkages between the two. The purpose is to study the effects of factors like a leaders gender, style, behaviorism, quality, rewards, workers agreeability etc on subordinate motivation leading to conclusive results about the contingency of the two. Furthermore this paper attempts to address the underlying importance of linking and studying leadership and motivation for an organization and how it is vital for the functioning of the two roles of the subordinate and the leader. Background Information Leadership entails several tasks key of which are the basic ones of mobilizing resources, coherency and fluidity of purpose and values; and influencing processes. Tracing the origins of leadership would necessitate drawing upon the history of how mans earliest ancestors lived in communities. Secondly the study of the history of leadership requires a much broader definition of the term and a lesson in the anthropological progression of mankind. The evolutionary view of leadership stipulates the need for drawing contextual references for leadership as it is today. Organizational hierarchy exists in every species of living sort. Roles in it based on the simple principle of survival are assigned. Similarly in a man- eat- man world individuals are honed and prepared from an early age to take on survival or predatorily roles in an organization be it a pre- historical community of hunter gatherers; agrarian tribes; an industrial society or even a contemporary organization in this age of information. It is only through consciousness and learning that the old instinctual primordial roles have been cast and people from a diverse background have successfully (or not) attempted to take up the challenge of leadership. The study of leadership in organizations is thus a vastly rich field of research and study and commands much importance in the building of the hierarchy of any organization. Millions are spent each year in training managers to become effective leaders and leaders to be even more effective at what they do. Motivation became a focus of research because it is a vital component of factors affecting worker productivity, job satisfaction, etc. motivation in itself has been a key area of concern for social scientists for more than a century. What is the most efficient way to get work done was a problem slave drivers in ancient Egypt even dealt with. The contingency between the concepts of motivation and leadership have come to the fore with mans need for sustainable production and efficacy. Thus in preserving the workers motivation leaders have persevered themselves. 1.3 Academic and Managerial concerns pertaining to research The academic concern of my topic is that it is an untapped area with respect to Pakistan. Anyone who wished to further research on this topic can use this thesis. The managerial concern is that it is a key issue in the organizations of Pakistan. They need to find the best possible leader for them to motivate all the employees. It will help them improve efficiency and enhance productivity. Definitions of Variables and Keywords Leader: a person who rules or guides or inspires others. Motivation: Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-oriented behavior. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) Autocratic Leader: This style states that the leader solves the problem or makes the decision using information available to him or her at that time. In some cases, the leader may consult with subordinates to obtain information, but at no time does subordinate input include decision making. The decision is passed on to subordinates for implementation. Â  (Ralph Nader, 2002) Democratic Leader: The leader shares the problem with subordinate and gets their input. Subordinate involvement is seen as either a collective or individual request for information which may or may not influence the decision. The leader reserves the right to make that decision. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Group Leader: The leader shares the problem with subordinates as a group, obtains their collective input and tries to reach consensus on the solution. The leader acts as a facilitator or chairman, trying not to influence input and accepting and solution that the group may suggest. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Emergent Leader: The leaders who earn leadership position through their expertise, skills, abilities to influence others, or personal acceptability by the group. ( Ralph Nader, 2002) Assigned Leader: The leaders who are given power to exercise influence through appointment. (Ralph Nader, 2002) Extrinsic: A reward, such as food, that is tangible and visible to others, and external (as opposed to an intrinsic reward). Intrinsic: Rewards that are associated with the job itself, such as the opportunity to perform meaningful work, complete cycles of work, see finished products, experience variety, and receive feedback on work results. Transactional Leader: Transactional leaders believe that people are motivated by reward or punishment. These leaders give clear instructions to followers about what their expectations are and when those expectations are fulfilled there are rewards in store for them and failure is severely punished. They allocate work to subordinates whether resources are there or absent. Transformational Leader: Transformational leadership is a leadership approach that is defined as leadership that creates valuable and positive change in the followers. 1.5 Study objectives: The purpose of this research is to shed light on an imperative aspect of organization management that has hitherto not been focused on in the context of firms and organizations in Pakistan. The effect of leadership on employee motivation has a directly proportional impact on the employees productivity, job satisfaction and consequently worker retention. The kind of leadership traits a companys management portrays will determine not only the working environment but even employee turnover rates. Effective leadership as a case in study has been much overlooked in the general practice of organizations in Pakistan. This research looks into how company leaders in Pakistan are mostly appointed not on the basis of qualification, aptitude or skill but rather through inheritance and nepotism. Nepotism in particular is an endemic practice in Pakistan which has pervaded every job sector, be it corporate or even bureaucratic. Assigning leaders based on favoritism and family connections instead of appointing them through set procedural means gives no guarantees that the heads leadership style will be conjunct to the requirements of the assigned sector. Just like a charismatic leader will be wasting his or her talents in a firm that requires minimal intervention by its management, an overbearing leader with a direct involvement in employees work can corrode their motivation merely with the way they direct them. Thus this paper seeks to underscore the importance of studying the correlation between leadership styles and worker motivation, especially in the setting of a country like Pakistan where leadership appointment is more erratic and seeped in nepotism. Leadership of any organization provides the driving force behind the productivity and working environment, all of which have direct bearings on worker behavior and motivation. If this psychology remains untapped and unstudied this has and will increasingly have dire repercussions for companies in Pakistan. Chapter 2 Literature Review This section covers the literature review that has been conducted after thorough analysis of several articled written by other scholars. The main purpose of including the literature review over here was to support the topic with proper referencing from work done by other researchers. This not only enhances the topic but also highlight a few more points related to the topic which have proved beneficial. Martin G Evans, tried to analyze the impact of leaders behavior on the motivation of his subordinates, in his article Leadership and Motivation: A Core Concept, 1970. Martin conducted a research based on the two theories on motivation. The first theory is the Maslows hierarchy of needs and the second is the Path-goal approach to motivation. Martin carried out his research on two organizations; a utility and a hospital. Questions were asked to study the importance of different goals to the employees. The questions also tried to collect information on the effect of high or low productive work on the motivation level of the subordinates. To test the Path-goal theory, questions were asked whether following each of the paths helped them attain their goals. The result supported the two theories. It showed that following high quality and high productive work led to the subordinates goals while low quality and low productive work led away from the subordinate goals. Job security was also see n as a very important factor to drive motivation confirming the hierarchy of needs model. In the end Martin highlights the managerial importance of the research and proposes that to have a strong motivation in the employees, the leader should create a strong relationship between the employees goals and the organizational goals. Arthur G. Jago claims in his research Leadership: Perspectives in Theory and Research, 1982 that despite years of systematic experiential research on the defining traits of leaders that distinguish them from non leaders, scientists of the soft science of behaviorism in organizations have yet to come up with conclusive data and results owing to the multifarious interpretations of the phenomena that does shed light on the role of a leader but leaves the topic of inter organizational relations and connections open to debate. The article discusses several theories and definitions that provide us with the premises used to build on tabulating a set of universal leadership traits and physical factors which is the first of four typologies drawn on the dominating assumptions of prior research in this field and Jago in some ways comments on their redundancy and limited approach owing to their limited set of assumptions. Jago discusses various and conflicting behaviorisms of leadership and the corresponding situations contingent on these traits and hence focus on a set of universally appropriate leadership traits and their reliance on situations to provide its second and third typology. The final typology looks at situationally contingent behavioral styles. Jago examines organizational prescriptions that follow from the typologies he had employed to argue the insufficiency of old methods used in the research of these traits and typologies and discusses and prescribes new and novel research methods in the study of leadership behaviorism. Kirkpatrick and Locke in their research Leadership: Do Traits Matter?, 1991 acknowledge the fact that different situations require different types of leadership, that the topic is so vast and complex that to determine the exact ingredients for the perfect leader would be fool-some. They acknowledge that a leader in a business organization will require a different mix of traits than say a military leader. They furthermore differentiate between skills and traits and back their claims with evidence from actual case studies. Six traits they identify that distinguish leaders from non-leaders are: drive, the desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business. Kirkpatrick and Locke then go on to discuss secondary characteristics that may not be easily backed with evidence nor be required in every situation but are nonetheless indicators of a good leader, these include Charisma, creativity/originality, and flexibility. The authors go on to as sert that apart from the core traits that provide the potential for good leadership, the following factors help them actualize their potential: skills, vision, and implementing the vision. Each factor is discussed in detail and how their effects are implicated at the level of the management and employees. The article finally talks about the grave responsibilities that come with the mantle of leadership and where the rare mix of traits and characteristics does come together to make an effective leader, the credit must be given to the individual. Where Kirkpatrick and Locke consider charisma as secondary and necessary but an insufficient trait for leaders, Shamir, House and Arthur, in The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory, 1993, on the other hand argue that charismatic leadership has profound effects on employee motivation and illustrate this claim with empirical evidence from several studies. After establishing the importance of charismatic leadership the authors point towards a problem in research on leadership and motivation, that is, absence of an account of the process that helps translate charismatic leadership onto its effects on employees. The authors use previous studies to list down a number of effects charismatic/ transformational leadership has on employees. These effects include elevating workers needs to a higher tier on Maslows hierarchy, achieve higher levels of morality, transcend their needs and goals to take the entire team into consideration, etc. By using a self c oncept based theory, Shamir, House and Arthur point at various processes that are set into motion in the context of a powerful and charismatic leadership. Leadership sets the tone for worker performance; by providing employees with a vision the leader makes them espouse his own values and higher goals. The authors point at factors like increasing the intrinsic valence of effort, increasing effort-accomplishment expectancies, instilling faith in a better future, etc to demonstrate the processes that come into play with the introduction of charismatic and transformational leadership in a work space. The authors identify classes of leadership behavior that set the certain processes into motion and discuss other external factors (organizational factors that provide a conducive environment for effective leadership and employee responsiveness). The authors thereby provide a theory that links transformational leadership and employee effects through employee self concepts. The nature of lea dership in question activates certain employee self concepts that hence affect motivational mechanisms. In Leadership and Motivation- The Effective Application of Expectancy Theory, 2001, Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred G. Zerb, Douglas C. Pitt, discuses Vrooms Expectancy Theory and its application in providing a practical tool in helping individuals in leadership roles. The authors trace a direct link between the underlying and explicit assumptions and variables in the expectancy theory and leadership concepts to draw the correlation of leader interactions with employees and motivational working environments. The authors then assert that motivational working environs aid employees in traditional job posts to achieve self actualization and transcend their roles to become leaders in themselves. The article discusses the complex relationships between employees and leaders within an organization and situation based antagonism that exists. It emphasizes distinctions between leaders and managers and stipulates the removal of these distinctions to help overcome the antagonism parameters in the rela tionship completely to increase motivation levels. The article examines several other relationships and linkages between behaviorisms and output in the context of motivation levels in an organization. Finally concluding that boss-worker distinctions should be eliminated and that everyone in an organization should strive to be a leader and influence should be a two way process and this, the authors propose can be achieved using the principles from the Expectancy Theory. Douglas F. Cellar, Stuart Sidle, Keith Goudy, Daniel OBrien in Effects of Leader Style, Leader Sex and Subordinate Personality on Leader Evaluations and Future Subordinate Motivation, 2001 examines the long standing evaluation of gender influences on motivation and employee response. The authors use the agreeability factor, a dichotomous leadership style variation (autocratic vs democratic) and gender differences to conduct a three way study with leadership evaluation, future interest and effort as dependant variables. The hypothesis was that agreeability affects inconsistent gender behavior and this by extension affects employee productivity and output. A self designed questionnaire was used. Subordinate behavior was analyzed with the expectation of leaders adhering to gender stereotypes and results of the study concluded that it was indeed the case. Where leaders deviated from stereotypical expectations disagreeable subordinates reacted and penalized the leaders for the deviation. Agreeable employees however did not. The purpose is basically to show the effect gender stereotypes have on the motivational levels of employees based on their behavioral profiles. According to different studies, transformational leadership has a significant positive impact on the employee satisfaction. Bass (1985) states that transformational leadership would result in followers performing beyond the expected levels of performance as a consequence of the leaders influence. Hatler and Bass (1988) state The dynamics of transformational leadership involve strong personal identification with the leader, joining in a shared vision of the future, or going beyond the self-interest exchange of rewards for compliance (Hatler and Bass, 1988, p.695). Nurdan Ozaralli tried to investigate the effect of transformational leadership in his research Effects of transformational leadership on empowerment and team effectiveness, 2002. The data for the research was collected from a sample of 152 people in different sectors in Turkey. Snowball technique was used for data collection and to measure transformational leadership, Bass and Avolios multifactor leadership questionnaire (ML Q) was used. The results showed that a transformational behavior of leaders has a positive relation with subordinate empowerment and with team effectiveness. Subordinates who worked under transformation leadership were more group oriented and had a higher level of performance. Creativity is higher when the subordinates work under a transformational leader as they are more empowered. In the end Nurdan suggests that there is a very significant effect of team empowerment on employee performance so the managers should identify the teams with low empowerment and should try to raise their level of empowerment. Nader in Leadership and Motivation, 2002 discusses two important determinants of individual performance in organizations: the type of leadership in that organization and personal motivation of employees in an organization. He draws on theories in general; data collected from empirical research on the subject to and the premises of people being the same as each other and yet being different to collate his findings and providing some general theories and analysis that determine behavior and leadership traits. Nader provides comprehensive definitions and analysis of the concept of motivation and discusses it in the context on theories like Maslows hierarchy of needs, McClellands theory of needs etc; ending his study of motivation by discussing motivational goals and categories these fall into. He then continues with a discussion of leadership theories, factors and leadership styles; and concludes with a list of leadership qualities that according to him help determine roles people can b e assigned to, based on their profiles. After the exposure of a few business scandals and the unveiling of irresponsible leaders, Nicola M. Pless in her research Understanding Responsible Leadership: Role Identity and Motivational Drivers, 2007 tries to find the prototypes of a responsible leader. The author does this by analyzing the biography of Anita Roddick; a responsible leader. The key learnings from the biography were that a responsible leader is driven by a values based vision of the future. Other findings include that a responsible leader make fundamental decisions with a long term effect on people, environment and future of the organization. A responsible leader should act as an active citizen. The leader should have ethics and desire to serve others. They should be close to the stakeholders and maintain good relations with them. A responsible leader is developed over time; they have values rooted in them that are reinforced and further developed by life experience. Another very important prerequisite to become a leader are ability and willingness to learn. Abass, Qaisar and Sara Yaqoob in Effect of Leadership Development On Employee Performance In Pakistan, 2009 carried out a research to prove whether or not leadership skills and traits have an effect on employee performance in Pakistan. Leadership theories have been an integral part of the field of business/management research since the proliferation of trait theories. Geert Hofstede in his article Motivation Leadership and Organization- Do American Theories Apply Abroad underscores the importance and reality of cultural conditioning and how it provides employees and leaders cultural lenses to view the world from. Abass and Yaqoob build on the theory of cultural conditioning to study how much of an impact leadership variables have on employee performance in the context of Pakistan. The factors of leadership they examine include: coaching, training and development, empowerment, participation and delegation. The purpose was to find a correlation between leadership development and worker performance, using an exploratory style research which would help determine what percentage of employee performance is directly influenced by the organization leader. Their findings show a staggering 50% positive correlation, with the remaining 50% being influenced by attitude, commitment, motivational factors, and trust in the organization, and other factors such as compensation, reward and bonuses etc. According to their finding for example training and development as part of leadership development had the greatest impact among all the variables of leadership. Thus this article delves into leadership research with fixed well defined leadership variables in the context of Pakistan. Chapter 3 Methodology Analytical Choices This section will cover the methodology for my research. It will deal with the methods used to analyze the research and the sample size considered for the research. The tools and techniques used to process the data will also be included in this section. Theoretical framework will also be included followed by the Hypothesis and expected findings. 3.1 Research type There have been numerous researches conducted on the effect of leadership on employee motivation but they are not applicable in Pakistan due to cultural differences. Therefore my research will be primary in nature and will be based on the data obtained through questionnaires. The research will also be applied in nature and will have managerial as well as scholarly applications. The sector that will be focused in the research will be the MNCs operating in Pakistan. 3.2 Population As my research is focused on the MNCs, my population will include all the Multinational Corporations operating in Pakistan. 3.3 Sample Size Due to budget and time constraints, the research will not be able to include the whole population. This research will focus on two MNCs; Packages and Tetrapack. These were chosen by using random probability sampling technique. Approximately 100 questionnaires will be floated in both the MNCs. There will be two questionnaires; one for the leaders of the MNC that will measure the independent variables like leadership style, leaders motivation, etc and the other questionnaire will be for the employees which will measure the independent variable that is the Employees Motivation. 3.4 Sample Time The time period considered in this research is from March 2011 to April 2011. 3.5 Hypothesis H0: Â  To test the hypothesis that leadership style has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leadership style has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0:Â   To test the hypothesis that leader gender has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leader gender has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0: To test the hypothesis that leader motivation has an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leaders motivation has a significant effect on employee motivation. H0: To test the hypothesis that leader skills have an insignificant effect on employee motivation. H1: To test the hypothesis that leader skills has a significant effect on employee motivation. 3.6 Theoretical Framework Leader Gender (Douglas F Cellar, 2001) Male -Female Leader Skills (Ralph Nader, 2002) Self Confidence -Charisma -Dominance -Administrative -Ability -Intelligence Leader Motivation (Ralph Nader, 2002) High motivation to lead -Moderate motivation to lead -Low motivation to lead Employee Motivation Leader Style (Douglas F Cellar, 2001) Directive -Democratic Theoretical framework shows the relationship of different independent variables with the dependent variable. In this case the major variables under discussion are Leader Gender, Leader Style, Leader Quality and Leader Behavior. All the independent variables considered in the theoretical framework are linked to motivation and have been studied on by different scholars. All of the variables have been identified in different articles for the literature review. Leader Style plays a vital role in the motivation of employees as does all the other variables that he been considered in the research. 3.7 Data analysis tools and techniques The data will be collected by floating questionnaires. The questionnaires used for this research have been used by previous scholars which ensure the authenticity of the questionnaires. Two questionnaires are designed for my research. The first questionnaire will be for the leaders of the organization and will measure the independent variables like Leadership Style, Leader Skills, Leader Motivation and Leader Gender. The other questionnaire will be for the employees of the organization and will be used to measure the dependent variable which is Employee Motivation. Data will be collected from 10 employees per leader and average will be taken to evaluate the overall motivation of the employees. The data collected through the questionnaires is then coded and standardized. To test the significance and relationship between the different variables, multi variable linear regression will be used. 3.5 Expected Nature of Findings It is expected that leadership does have an effect on employee motivation. Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation and Leaders Skills are expected to have a significant relationship with employee motivation whereas the effect of Leaders Gender on employee motivation is unknown. Chapter 4 Estimation, Analysis and Conclusion 4.1 Profile of Respondents The Questionnaire was filled by 10 leaders and 7 (70%) were male wheras 3 (30%) were female leaders.4 (40%) of the leaders were highly motivated, 2 (20%) were moderately motivated and 4 (40%) lacked motivation according to the questionnaire. Similarly 2 (20%) leaders had high leadership skills, 5 (50%) had moderate leadership skills and 3 (30%) were lacking leadership skills. 6 (60%) leaders had a democratic leadership style wheras 4 (40%) had autocratic leadership. The leaders age varied from 39 years to 48 years. The average age of the leaders was 42 years. The major reason for this is because mostly you get to a leading posirtion in an organization after your 40s when u r mature. All the leaders chosen has 10 plus years of experience in their desired field and were working in the same firm for atleast 2 years so that the employees motivation could reflect their leadership and not the leadership of the previous leader. The Questionnaire was filled by 100 employees. The age of the employees varied from 25 years to 32 years. The average age of the employees was 28 years.5 (50%) of the firms had highly motivated employees, 2 (20%) had moderately motivated employees and 3 (30%) had low motivated employees. Estimated results Multiple regression was used with employee motivation as the dependent variable and Leadership Style, Leaders Motivation, Leader Gender and Leaders skills as the independent variable. The estimated results are given in the Appendix A. Analysis of findings In the leadership style column, 1 was used to represent democratic style of leadership wheras 2 was used to represent autocratic style of leadership. In the Leader Gender column, 1 was used to represent male leaders wheras 2 was used to represent female leaders. In the Leaders Skills column, 1 was used to represent high skills, 2 was u